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MASTER ALLOYS CHARTS
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| SPECIFIC GRAVITY, DENSITY AND LIQUIDUS |
| METAL |
SYMBOL |
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY |
DENSITY
OZ. PER CUBIC INCH |
LIQUIDUS |
| °F |
°C |
| ALUMINUM |
Al |
2.70 |
1.423 |
1220° |
660° |
| ANTIMONY |
Sb |
6.62 |
3.488 |
1167° |
630° |
| BERYLLIUM |
Be |
1.82 |
.959 |
2340° |
1282° |
| BISMUTH |
Bi |
9.80 |
5.163 |
520° |
271° |
| CADMIUM |
Cd |
8.65 |
4.557 |
610° |
321° |
| CARBON |
C |
2.22 |
1.170 |
N/A |
N/A |
| CHROMIUM |
Ch |
7.19 |
3.788 |
3430° |
1888° |
| COBALT |
Co |
8.85 |
4.689 |
2723° |
1495° |
| COPPER |
Cu |
8.96 |
4.719 |
1981° |
1083° |
| GOLD(PURE) |
Au |
19.32 |
10.180 |
1945° |
1063° |
| IRIDIUM |
Ir |
22.50 |
11.849 |
4449° |
2454° |
| IRON |
Fe |
7.87 |
4.145 |
2802° |
1539° |
| LEAD |
Pb |
11.34 |
5.973 |
621° |
328° |
| MAGNESIUM |
Mg |
1.74 |
.917 |
1202° |
650° |
| MANGANESE |
Mn |
7.43 |
3.914 |
2273° |
1245° |
| MOLYBDENUM |
Mo |
10.20 |
5.347 |
4760° |
2625° |
| NICKEL |
Ni |
8.90 |
4.691 |
2651° |
1455° |
| OSMIUM |
Os |
22.50 |
11.854 |
4892° |
2700° |
| PALLADIUM |
Pd |
12.0 |
6.322 |
2831° |
1555° |
| PHOSPHORUS |
Ph |
1.82 |
.959 |
111° |
44° |
| PLATINUM (PURE) |
Pt |
21.45 |
11.301 |
3224° |
1773° |
| 90% PLATINUM 90/10 |
Pt 90/10 |
21.54 |
11.349 |
3250° |
1788° |
| 95% PLATINUM 95/5 |
Pt 95/5 |
21.50 |
11.325 |
3235° |
1779° |
| PHODIUM |
Rh |
12.44 |
6.553 |
3571° |
1967° |
| RUTHENIUM |
Ru |
12.20 |
6.428 |
4500° |
2500° |
| SILICON |
Si |
2.33 |
1.247 |
2605° |
1430° |
| SILVER |
Ag |
10.49 |
5.525 |
1761° |
961° |
| STERLING SILVER |
Ag 925 |
10.36 |
5.457 |
1640° |
893° |
| COIN SILVER |
Ag 900 |
10.31 |
5.430 |
1615° |
879° |
| TIN |
Sn |
7.30 |
3.846 |
450° |
232° |
| ZINC |
Zn |
7.13 |
3.758 |
787° |
419° |
| | |
| | |
| UNIT WEIGHT CONVERSIONS |
| GRAMS TO |
PENNYWEIGHT TO |
| PENNYWEIGHT |
X |
.6430 |
GRAM |
X |
1.555 |
| KILOGRAM |
X |
.001 |
KILOGRAM |
X |
.001555 |
| MILLIGRAM |
X |
1000 |
MILLIGRAM |
X |
1555 |
| TROY OUNCE |
X |
.03215 |
TROY OUNCE |
X |
.05 |
| AVOIR OUNCE |
X |
.0353 |
AVOIR OUNCE |
X |
.05486 |
| CARAT |
X |
5 |
CARAT |
X |
7.77 |
| TROY OUNCES TO |
AVOIR OUNCES TO |
| PENNYWEIGHT |
X |
20 |
PENNYWEIGHT |
X |
18.23 |
| KILOGRAM |
X |
.0311 |
KILOGRAM |
X |
.028 |
| GRAM |
X |
31.103 |
GRAM |
X |
28.53 |
| AVOIR OUNCE |
X |
1.097 |
TROY OUNCE |
X |
.9115 |
| KARATING EQUATION |
| INSERT 3 OUT OF 4 NUMBERS TO GET YOUR FIGURES |
WEIGHT OF START KARAT
------------------------
FINAL KARAT NEEDED |
= |
WEIGHT OF FINAL KARAT
------------------------
STARTING KARAT |
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| FORMULAS FOR RAISING AND LOWERING KARAT GOLD |
| RAISING |
DESIRED
KARAT |
- |
BEGIN
KARAT |
X |
START
WEIGHT |
% |
24- DESIRED KARAT |
= |
24K
NEEDED |
| LOWERING |
BEGIN
KARAT |
- |
FINAL
KARAT |
X |
BEGIN
WEIGHT |
% |
FINAL
KARAT |
= |
ALLOY
NEEDED |
| FINENESS OF KARAT GOLD |
| KARAT |
FINENESS |
KARAT |
FINENESS |
| 6K |
25.00% |
14K |
58.33% |
| 9K |
37.50% |
16K |
66.67% |
| 9.5K |
39.58% |
17.5K |
72.92% |
| 10K |
41.67% |
18K |
75.00% |
| 12K |
50.00% |
22K |
91.67% |
| 13.5K |
56.25% |
24K |
100.00% |
| KARAT: ONE TWENTY-FORTH PART BY WEIGHT OF THE METALLIC ELEMENT GOLD IN AN ALLOY.
PURE OR FINE GOLD IS 24K. EXAMPLE: 18K CONSISTS OF 18 PARTS OF PURE GOLD, MIXED WITH 6 PARTS OF OTHER METALS.
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| KARAT GOLD:
A GOLD ALLOY OF NOT LESS THAN 10 KARATS FINENESS, PRECEDED BY THE KARAT FINENESS OF THE ALLOY.
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| PLUMB GOLD:
A GOLD ALLOY OF THE SAME FINENESS AS MARKED OR WITH A TOLERANCE OF.003.
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| TOLERANCE:
IN THE U.S., THE STAMPING ACT TIGHTENED KARAT FINENESS REQUIREMENTS FROM THE EARLIER ACT OF 1906. THE 1976 LAW SPECIFIES TOLERANCE OF
PLUS OR MINUS THREE PARTS PER THOUSAND (0.3 WEIGHT PERCENT) FOR GOLD KARAT LABELING. FOR EXAMPLE: 14K PLUMB GOLD IS .5833 FINE. THE
1976 LAW WOULD ALLOW 14K PLUMB TO BE AS .5803 FINE, AND STILL BE CONSIDERED WITHIN TOLERANCE.
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| WEIGHT CONVERSION FACTORS FOR WAX, ALLOY AND METAL |
| METAL |
FACTOR |
METAL |
FACTOR |
| WAX to BRASS |
Wt. x 9.0 |
14K to SS |
Wt. x .77 |
| WAX to BRONZE |
Wt. x 9.0 |
14K to 10K |
Wt. x .88 |
| WAX to COPPER |
Wt. x 9.0 |
14K to 18K |
Wt. x 1.14 |
| 10K to SS |
Wt. x 10.40 |
14K to PT |
Wt. x 1.75 |
| WAX to FINE SILVER |
Wt. x 10.60 |
18K to 10K |
Wt. x .77 |
| WAX to 10K GOLD |
Wt. x 11.60 |
18K to 14K |
Wt. x .88 |
| WAX to 14K GOLD |
Wt. x 13.40 |
18K to PT |
Wt. x 1.42 |
| WAX to 18K GOLD |
Wt. x 15.50 |
PT to 14K |
Wt. x .57 |
| WAX to 22K GOLD |
Wt. x 17.30 |
PT to 18K |
Wt. x .70 |
| WAX to 24K GOLD |
Wt. x 19.30 |
SS to Alloy |
Wt. x .88 |
| WAX to PLATINUM |
Wt. x 21.40 |
SS to 10K |
Wt. x 1.14 |
| WAX to PALLADIUM |
Wt. x 12.20 |
SS to 14K |
Wt. x 1.30 |
| 10K to ALLOY |
Wt. x .77 |
SS to 18K |
Wt. x 1.48 |
| 10K to SS |
Wt. x .88 |
ALLOY to SS |
Wt. x 1.14 |
| 10K to 14K |
Wt. x 1.14 |
ALLOY to 10K |
Wt. x 1.30 |
| 10K to 18K |
Wt. x 1.30 |
ALLOY to 14K |
Wt. x 1.48 |
| 14K to ALLOY |
Wt. x .67 |
ALLOY to 18K |
Wt. x 1.68 |
| RECOMMENDED FLASK TEMPERATURES |
KARAT/
METAL |
SIZE OF
PIECES |
YELLOW PINK GREEN |
WHITE |
| TEMP(°F) |
TEMP(°C) |
TEMP(°F) |
TEMP(°C) |
| 10K |
LIGHT |
1200°-1300° |
649°-704° |
1000°-1100° |
538°-593° |
| MEDIUM |
1000°-1200° |
538°-649° |
900°-1000° |
482°-538° |
| HEAVY |
800°-1000° |
427°-538° |
800°-900° |
427°-482° |
| 14K |
LIGHT |
1200°-1300° |
649°-704° |
1000°-1100° |
538°-593° |
| MEDIUM |
1000°-1200° |
538°-649° |
900°-1000° |
482°-538° |
| HEAVY |
800°-1000° |
427°-538° |
800°-900° |
427°-482° |
| 18K |
LIGHT |
1050°-1200° |
566°-649° |
1000°-1100° |
538°-593° |
| MEDIUM |
950°-1150° |
510°-621° |
900°-1000° |
482°-538° |
| HEAVY |
750°-1000° |
399°-538° |
800°-900° |
427°-482° |
22K
YELLOW |
LIGHT |
1050° |
566° |
NA |
NA |
| MEDIUM |
1025° |
552° |
NA |
NA |
| HEAVY |
1000° |
538° |
NA |
NA |
24K
PURE |
LIGHT |
1050° |
566° |
NA |
NA |
| MEDIUM |
1025° |
552° |
NA |
NA |
| HEAVY |
1000° |
538° |
NA |
NA |
| PLATINUM |
LIGHT |
NA |
NA |
1700° |
927° |
| MEDIUM |
NA |
NA |
1600° |
871° |
| HEAVY |
NA |
NA |
1500° |
816° |
| PALLADIUM |
LIGHT |
NA |
NA |
1450° |
788° |
| MEDIUM |
NA |
NA |
1425° |
774° |
| HEAVY |
NA |
NA |
1400° |
760° |
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THE ABOVE TEMPERATURES SHOULD BE USED AS A GUIDE ONLY. THEY ARE RECOMMENDED FOR THE "AVERAGE" OVEN AND "AVERAGE" FLASK.
ULTIMATELY ONLY YOU
WITH EXPERIENCE CAN DETERMINE THE CORRECT TEMPERATURE FOR THE APPLICATION.
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